Empoderamiento político de las mujeres en Ruanda, Sudáfrica y Namibia: Avances y desafíos, 2003-2018

Abstract

In the last 20 years there has been an accelerated increase in the political participation of women in the parliaments of Africa, managed to increase their representation by 12%; Rwanda, South Africa and Namibia stand out in the international ranking of women’s political participation in first, seventh and tenth place, respectively. Even with this progress, only Rwanda has managed to close 50% of its political empowerment gap, while South Africa and Namibia less than 40%. Despite the efforts and commitments of different governments and institutions in terms of achieving women’s political empowerment, in practice, it is still far from being achieved, so it is necessary to know how much progress has been made and what have been the obstacles that are visible to achieve full political empowerment. To answer these questions in this article, the political empowerment of women is approached through four substantial axes: a) political participation in their representation in parliament, b) affirmative actions through the analysis of international instruments, precepts that promote equality, elimination of discrimination and supervision of the application of policies, c) political empowerment index and women’s job in the parliament’s through the analysis of political harassment and institutional culture.