Factors Associated with the Risk of Preeclampsia: A Systematic Review
Keywords:
Preeclampsia, risk factors, maternal healthAbstract
Introduction: Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy that develops after 20 weeks of gestation and is associated with multiorgan dysfunction and fetal growth restriction. Clinically, it is characterized by persistent hypertension and proteinuria in previously normotensive women. Preeclampsia affects between 2% and 8% of pregnancies and remains a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Objective: To synthesize the best available scientific evidence regarding factors associated with the risk of preeclampsia among pregnant women. Methodology: A literature review was conducted following the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines. Studies addressing risk factors associated with preeclampsia in pregnant women were identified using the PEO framework, and predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. Results: Fourteen studies conducted in diverse settings (Peru, Colombia, Ethiopia, Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Israel, France, and Finland) were included in the review. Findings confirmed that the main determinants of preeclampsia encompass biological characteristics, including advanced or young maternal age, obesity, personal and family history, multiple gestation, interpregnancy intervals, and primiparity, as well as psychosocial factors such as negative emotional status, first-time fatherhood, socioeconomic vulnerability, ethnicity, and inadequate prenatal care. Conclusion: Effective management of preeclampsia requires a holistic model of care in which the integration of biological, psychological, and social dimensions not only improves early risk detection but also enhances personalized and coordinated interventions, thereby reducing the burden of this complication and contributing to safer and healthier pregnancies.
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