Factors Associated with the Risk of Preeclampsia: A Systematic Review
Keywords:
Preeclampsia, risk factors, maternal health.Abstract
Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy that appears after the 20th week and is associated with multiorgan damage and fetal growth restriction. It is clinically characterized by sustained hypertension and proteinuria in previously normotensive women. It affects between 2% and 8% of pregnancies and represents a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The objective was to synthesize the best available scientific evidence on factors associated with the risk of preeclampsia in pregnant women. This study, based on the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines, included studies corresponding to risk factors related to preeclampsia in pregnant women using the PEO strategy, applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Fourteen articles were included in this review, from diverse contexts (Peru, Colombia, Ethiopia, Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Israel, France and Finland), confirming that the main determinants of preeclampsia range from biological characteristics (extreme age, obesity, personal/family history, multiple gestation, birth intervals and primiparity) to psychosocial factors (depression, primipaternity, socioeconomic vulnerability, ethnicity, prenatal care). In conclusion, the effective approach to preeclampsia requires a holistic care model, where the integration of biological, psychological and social dimensions not only improves early detection of risk, but also enhances personalized and coordinated interventions, thus reducing the burden of this complication and contributing to a safer and healthier pregnancy for women.
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