Production of Edible Films Based on Mango Kernel Flour through Optimization of Thermoplastic Extrusion Process Variables

Authors

Keywords:

Mango kernel, Optimization, Films, WVP, CO2P, Desirability

Abstract

Mango seed is a starch-rich by-product with limited utilization in the juice and canning industries, leading to increased organic waste generation; however, it can be exploited for the production of biopolymers. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal combination of glycerol concentration (%G) and screw speed (SS) to obtain a suitable thermoplastic material for the development of an edible film (EF) with favorable mechanical and barrier properties. Mango kernel flour was used as the raw material. A rotatable central composite design with two factors was applied: %G=15–25 % and SS=120–220 rpm, at five levels, resulting in 13 treatments for thermoplastic material production. The EF were produced by the casting method and evaluated for water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), water vapor permeability (WVP), breaking strength (BS), and carbon dioxide permeability (CO₂P). The optimization was carried out using the numerical desirability method employing response surface methodology. Regression and analysis of variance indicated that the optimal processing conditions were %G=19 % and SS=150 rpm. Under these conditions, the predicted values were: WAI: 4.17 g gel/g sample, WSI: 17.99 %, WVP: 3.65 × 10⁻¹¹ g·m/Pa·s·m, BS: 14.13 N, and CO₂P: 4.89 × 10⁻⁶ mL·cm/h·cm²·cmHg. The resulting edible film shows potential for application on fruits, contributing to the maintenance of postharvest quality and the extension of shelf life.

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Author Biographies

  • Aguilar-Palazuelos E., Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico

    He is a Professor/Researcher at the Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences and holds a PhD in Materials Science awarded by CINVESTAV-Querétaro. He is a member of the National System of Researchers (SNII) at Level 2, of the SSIT as an Honorary Researcher, and holds the PRODEP Profile. He has published 42 articles in indexed journals and 47 articles in peer-reviewed journals, accumulating to date 1,440 citations and an h-index of 22. He has participated in 250 national and international conferences. Throughout his career, he has supervised 20 undergraduate theses, 18 master’s theses, and 6 doctoral dissertations in the area of Food Science and Technology. Additionally, he serves as the Coordinator of the Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology. Contact e-mail: eaguilar@uas.edu.mx

  • Sánchez-Chilero M.A., Faculty of Civil Engineering, Autonomous University of Sinaloa

    He is a Professor/Researcher at the Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences and the Faculty of Civil Engineering and holds a PhD in Food Science and Technology awarded by the Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences. He has published 2 articles in indexed journals, accumulating to date 4 citations and an h-index of 1. He has participated in 11 national and international conferences. Throughout his career, he has supervised 1 undergraduate thesis in the area of Foods – Materials Characterization – Microstructure – Hollow Fibers. Additionally, he works in the area of materials characterization (fibers and starch), with a focus on biocomposites. Contact e-mail: marco.sanchez@uas.edu.mx

  • Fitch-Vargas P.R., Faculty of Marine Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico

    She is a Professor/Researcher at the Faculty of Marine Sciences and holds a PhD in Food Science and Technology awarded by the Autonomous University of Sinaloa. She is a member of the National System of Researchers (SNII) at Level 1, of the SSIT as an Honorary Researcher, and holds the PRODEP Profile. She has published 15 articles in indexed journals and 1 article in a peer-reviewed journal, accumulating to date 359 citations and an h-index of 7. She has participated in 10 national and international conferences. Throughout her career, she has supervised 2 undergraduate theses and 2 master’s theses in the area of Agricultural Sciences.

    Contact e-mail: perlafitch@uas.edu.mx

  • Limón-Valenzuela V., Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico

    He is a Professor/Researcher at the Autonomous University of Sinaloa and holds a PhD in Food Science and Technology awarded by the Autonomous University of Sinaloa. He is a member of the National System of Researchers (SNII) at the Candidate level and of the SSIT as an Honorary Researcher. He has published 3 articles in indexed journals and 4 articles in peer-reviewed journals, accumulating to date 167 citations and an h-index of 4. He has participated in 34 national and international conferences. Throughout his career, he has supervised 3 undergraduate theses in the areas of Biotechnology and Agricultural Sciences. Contact e-mail: vlimon@uas.edu.mx

  • Calderón-Castro A., Program in Food Science and Technology of the Autonomous University of Sinaloa

    He is a Professor/Researcher at the Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences and holds a PhD in Food Science and Technology awarded by the Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology of the Autonomous University of Sinaloa. He is a member of the National System of Researchers (SNII) at Level 1, of the SSIT as an Honorary Researcher, and holds the PRODEP Profile. He has published 14 articles in indexed journals, receiving to date 304 citations and an h-index of 7. He has participated in 20 national and international conferences. Throughout his career, he has supervised 15 undergraduate theses and 1 master’s thesis in the area of Engineering and Technology.

    Contact e-mail: abcalcas@uas.edu.mx

  • Ruiz-Armenta X.A., Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico

    She is a Professor/Researcher at the Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, and holds a PhD in Food Science and Technology awarded by the Autonomous University of Sinaloa. She is a member of the National System of Researchers (SNII) at Level 1, of the SSIT as an Honorary Researcher, and holds the PRODEP Profile. She has published 16 articles in indexed journals, accumulating to date 100 citations and an h-index of 5. She has participated in 27 national and international conferences. Throughout her career, she has supervised 9 undergraduate theses and 1 master’s thesis in the areas of Biotechnology and Agricultural Sciences. Contact e-mail: xochitlruiz@uas.edu.mx

  • Gutiérrez-Dorado R., Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico

    He is a Professor/Researcher at the Autonomous University of Sinaloa and holds a PhD in Food Biotechnology awarded by the Autonomous University of Sinaloa. He is a member of the National System of Researchers (SNII) at Level 2, of the SSIT as an Honorary Researcher, and holds the PRODEP Profile. He has published 105 articles in indexed journals and 5 articles in peer-reviewed journals, accumulating to date 1,594 citations and an h-index of 25. He has participated in 360 national and international conferences. Throughout his career, he has supervised 11 undergraduate theses, 30 master’s theses, and 10 doctoral dissertations in the areas of Biotechnology and Food Science and Technology. Additionally, he has received two national awards in Food Science and Technology from the CONACYT–Coca-Cola program.

  • López-Diaz A., Faculty of Chemical Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa.

    He is a Professor at the Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences and holds a Master’s degree in Food Science and Technology awarded by the Autonomous University of Sinaloa. He has published 5 articles in indexed journals and 1 article in a peer-reviewed journal. He has participated in 2 national and international conferences. Throughout his career, he has supervised 1 undergraduate thesis.

    Contact e-mail: alopez.pcta@uas.edu.mx

  • Galán-Rodríguez L., Department of Biochemical Engineering, Technological Institute of Culiacán, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico

    He is a Professor at the Technological Institute of Culiacán and holds a Bachelor’s degree in Biochemical Engineering awarded by the Technological Institute of Culiacán. Contact e-mail: leonel.gr@culiacan.tecnm.mx

  • Gómez-Favela M.A., Faculty of Chemical Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa

    He is a Professor/Researcher at the Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, and holds a PhD in Food Biotechnology awarded by the Autonomous University of Sinaloa. He is a member of the National System of Researchers (SNII) at Level 1 and of the SSIT as an Honorary Researcher. He has published 14 articles in indexed journals and 1 article in a peer-reviewed journal, accumulating to date 377 citations and an h-index of 6. He has participated in 40 national and international conferences. Throughout his career, he has supervised 6 undergraduate theses, 3 master’s theses, and 1 doctoral dissertation in the areas of Biotechnology and Agricultural Sciences. Additionally, he is passionate about science and sports. Contact e-mail: mario.gomez.fcqb@uas.edu.mx

     

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Published

2026-01-26

Data Availability Statement

Additional data may be obtained from the corresponding author

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Issue

No. 4 (2025): QUIBIOUAS Revista de Ciencias Químico Biológicas

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Scientific articles

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How to Cite

Aguilar-Palazuelos, E., Fitch-Vargas, P. R., Limón-Valenzuela, V., Calderón-Castro, A. ., Ruiz-Armenta, X. A. ., Gutiérrez-Dorado, R. ., López-Diaz, A. ., Galán-Rodríguez, L. ., & Gómez-Favela, M. A. (2026). Production of Edible Films Based on Mango Kernel Flour through Optimization of Thermoplastic Extrusion Process Variables (M. A. Sánchez-Chilero , Trans.). QUIBIOUAS, Journal of Biological Chemical Sciences, 4, 46-59. https://revistas.uas.edu.mx/index.php/QBU/article/view/1417